logging --- Python 的日志记录工具

源代码： Lib/logging/__init__.py

Important

此页面仅包含 API 参考信息。教程信息和更多高级用法的讨论，请参阅

• 基础教程

• 进阶教程

• 日志操作手册

---

这个模块为应用与库定义了实现灵活的事件日志系统的函数与类.

使用标准库提提供的 logging API 最主要的好处是，所有的 Python 模块都可能参与日志输出，包括你的日志消息和第三方模块的日志消息。

这个模块提供许多强大而灵活的功能。如果你对 logging 不太熟悉的话， 掌握它最好的方式就是查看它对应的教程（详见右侧的链接）。

该模块定义的基础类和函数都列在下面。

• 记录器暴露了应用程序代码直接使用的接口。

• 处理程序将日志记录（由记录器创建）发送到适当的目标。

• 过滤器提供了更精细的设施，用于确定要输出的日志记录。

• 格式化程序指定最终输出中日志记录的样式。

Logger 对象

Loggers 有以下的属性和方法。注意 永远 不要直接实例化 Loggers，应当通过模块级别的函数 logging.getLogger(name) 。多次使用相同的名字调用 getLogger() 会一直返回相同的 Logger 对象的引用。

name 是潜在的周期分割层级值, 像``foo.bar.baz`` (例如, 抛出的可以只是明文的``foo``)。Loggers是进一步在子层次列表的更高loggers列表。例如，有个名叫``foo``的logger，名叫``foo.bar``，foo.bar.baz，和 foo.bam 都是 foo``的衍生logger。logger的名字分级类似Python 包的层级，并且相同的如果你组织你的loggers在每模块级别基本上使用推荐的结构``logging.getLogger(__name__)。这是因为在模块里，在Python包的命名空间的模块名为``__name__``。

class logging.Logger

propagate

如果这个属性为真，记录到这个记录器的事件将会传递给这个高级别处理器的记录器（原型），此外任何关联到这个记录器的处理器。消息会直接传递给原型记录器的处理器 - 既不是这个原型记录器的级别也不是过滤器是在考虑的问题。

如果等于假，记录消息将不会传递给这个原型记录器的处理器。

构造器将这个属性初始化为 True。

注解

如果你关联了一个处理器*并且*到它自己的一个或多个记录器，它可能发出多次相同的记录。总体来说，你不需要关联处理器到一个或多个记录器 - 如果你只是关联它到一个合适的记录器等级中的最高级别记录器，它将会看到子记录器所有记录的事件，他们的传播剩下的设置为``True``。一个常见的场景是只关联处理器到根记录器，并且让传播照顾剩下的。

setLevel(level)

给 logger 设置阈值为 level 。日志等级小于 level 会被忽略。严重性为 level 或更高的日志消息将由该 logger 的任何一个或多个 handler 发出，除非将处理程序的级别设置为比 level 更高的级别。

创建一个 logger 时，设置级别为 NOTSET （当 logger 是根 logger 时，将处理所有消息；当 logger 是非根 logger 时，所有消息会委派给父级）。注意根 logger 创建时使用的是 WARNING 级别。

委派给父级的意思是如果一个 logger 的级别设置为 NOTSET，遍历其祖先 logger，直到找到另一个不是 NOTSET 级别的 logger，或者到根 logger 为止。

If an ancestor is found with a level other than NOTSET, then that ancestor's level is treated as the effective level of the logger where the ancestor search began, and is used to determine how a logging event is handled.

If the root is reached, and it has a level of NOTSET, then all messages will be processed. Otherwise, the root's level will be used as the effective level.

参见 日志级别 级别列表。

在 3.2 版更改: The level parameter now accepts a string representation of the level such as 'INFO' as an alternative to the integer constants such as INFO. Note, however, that levels are internally stored as integers, and methods such as e.g. getEffectiveLevel() and isEnabledFor() will return/expect to be passed integers.

isEnabledFor(level)

Indicates if a message of severity level would be processed by this logger. This method checks first the module-level level set by logging.disable(level) and then the logger's effective level as determined by getEffectiveLevel().

getEffectiveLevel()

Indicates the effective level for this logger. If a value other than NOTSET has been set using setLevel(), it is returned. Otherwise, the hierarchy is traversed towards the root until a value other than NOTSET is found, and that value is returned. The value returned is an integer, typically one of logging.DEBUG, logging.INFO etc.

getChild(suffix)

Returns a logger which is a descendant to this logger, as determined by the suffix. Thus, logging.getLogger('abc').getChild('def.ghi') would return the same logger as would be returned by logging.getLogger('abc.def.ghi'). This is a convenience method, useful when the parent logger is named using e.g. __name__ rather than a literal string.

3.2 新版功能.

debug(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level DEBUG on this logger. The msg is the message format string, and the args are the arguments which are merged into msg using the string formatting operator. (Note that this means that you can use keywords in the format string, together with a single dictionary argument.)

There are four keyword arguments in kwargs which are inspected: exc_info, stack_info, stacklevel and extra.

If exc_info does not evaluate as false, it causes exception information to be added to the logging message. If an exception tuple (in the format returned by sys.exc_info()) or an exception instance is provided, it is used; otherwise, sys.exc_info() is called to get the exception information.

The second optional keyword argument is stack_info, which defaults to False. If true, stack information is added to the logging message, including the actual logging call. Note that this is not the same stack information as that displayed through specifying exc_info: The former is stack frames from the bottom of the stack up to the logging call in the current thread, whereas the latter is information about stack frames which have been unwound, following an exception, while searching for exception handlers.

You can specify stack_info independently of exc_info, e.g. to just show how you got to a certain point in your code, even when no exceptions were raised. The stack frames are printed following a header line which says:

Stack (most recent call last):

This mimics the Traceback (most recent call last): which is used when displaying exception frames.

The third optional keyword argument is stacklevel, which defaults to 1. If greater than 1, the corresponding number of stack frames are skipped when computing the line number and function name set in the LogRecord created for the logging event. This can be used in logging helpers so that the function name, filename and line number recorded are not the information for the helper function/method, but rather its caller. The name of this parameter mirrors the equivalent one in the warnings module.

The fourth keyword argument is extra which can be used to pass a dictionary which is used to populate the __dict__ of the LogRecord created for the logging event with user-defined attributes. These custom attributes can then be used as you like. For example, they could be incorporated into logged messages. For example:

FORMAT = '%(asctime)-15s %(clientip)s %(user)-8s %(message)s'
logging.basicConfig(format=FORMAT)
d = {'clientip': '192.168.0.1', 'user': 'fbloggs'}
logger = logging.getLogger('tcpserver')
logger.warning('Protocol problem: %s', 'connection reset', extra=d)

would print something like

2006-02-08 22:20:02,165 192.168.0.1 fbloggs  Protocol problem: connection reset

The keys in the dictionary passed in extra should not clash with the keys used by the logging system. (See the Formatter documentation for more information on which keys are used by the logging system.)

If you choose to use these attributes in logged messages, you need to exercise some care. In the above example, for instance, the Formatter has been set up with a format string which expects 'clientip' and 'user' in the attribute dictionary of the LogRecord. If these are missing, the message will not be logged because a string formatting exception will occur. So in this case, you always need to pass the extra dictionary with these keys.

While this might be annoying, this feature is intended for use in specialized circumstances, such as multi-threaded servers where the same code executes in many contexts, and interesting conditions which arise are dependent on this context (such as remote client IP address and authenticated user name, in the above example). In such circumstances, it is likely that specialized Formatters would be used with particular Handlers.

在 3.2 版更改: 增加了 stack_info 参数。

在 3.5 版更改: The exc_info parameter can now accept exception instances.

在 3.8 版更改: 增加了 stacklevel 参数。

info(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level INFO on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level WARNING on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

注解

There is an obsolete method warn which is functionally identical to warning. As warn is deprecated, please do not use it - use warning instead.

error(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

critical(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level CRITICAL on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

log(level, msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with integer level level on this logger. The other arguments are interpreted as for debug().

exception(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on this logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug(). Exception info is added to the logging message. This method should only be called from an exception handler.

addFilter(filter)

Adds the specified filter filter to this logger.

removeFilter(filter)

Removes the specified filter filter from this logger.

filter(record)

Apply this logger's filters to the record and return True if the record is to be processed. The filters are consulted in turn, until one of them returns a false value. If none of them return a false value, the record will be processed (passed to handlers). If one returns a false value, no further processing of the record occurs.

addHandler(hdlr)

Adds the specified handler hdlr to this logger.

removeHandler(hdlr)

Removes the specified handler hdlr from this logger.

findCaller(stack_info=False, stacklevel=1)

Finds the caller's source filename and line number. Returns the filename, line number, function name and stack information as a 4-element tuple. The stack information is returned as None unless stack_info is True.

The stacklevel parameter is passed from code calling the debug() and other APIs. If greater than 1, the excess is used to skip stack frames before determining the values to be returned. This will generally be useful when calling logging APIs from helper/wrapper code, so that the information in the event log refers not to the helper/wrapper code, but to the code that calls it.

handle(record)

Handles a record by passing it to all handlers associated with this logger and its ancestors (until a false value of propagate is found). This method is used for unpickled records received from a socket, as well as those created locally. Logger-level filtering is applied using filter().

makeRecord(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info, func=None, extra=None, sinfo=None)

This is a factory method which can be overridden in subclasses to create specialized LogRecord instances.

hasHandlers()

Checks to see if this logger has any handlers configured. This is done by looking for handlers in this logger and its parents in the logger hierarchy. Returns True if a handler was found, else False. The method stops searching up the hierarchy whenever a logger with the 'propagate' attribute set to false is found - that will be the last logger which is checked for the existence of handlers.

3.2 新版功能.

在 3.7 版更改: Loggers can now be pickled and unpickled.

日志级别

日志记录级别的数值在下表中给出。如果你想要定义自己的级别，并且需要它们具有相对于预定义级别的特定值，那么这些内容可能是你感兴趣的。如果你定义具有相同数值的级别，它将覆盖预定义的值; 预定义的名称丢失。

级别	数值
CRITICAL	50
ERROR	40
WARNING	30
INFO	20
DEBUG	10
NOTSET	0

处理器对象

Handler 有以下属性和方法。注意不要直接实例化 Handler ；这个类用来派生其他更有用的子类。但是，子类的 __init__() 方法需要调用 Handler.__init__() 。

class logging.Handler

__init__(level=NOTSET)

初始化 Handler 实例时，需要设置它的级别，将过滤列表置为空，并且创建锁（通过 createLock() ）来序列化对 I/O 的访问。

createLock()

初始化一个线程锁，用来序列化对底层的 I/O 功能的访问，底层的 I/O 功能可能不是线程安全的。

acquire()

使用 createLock() 获取线程锁。

release()

使用 acquire() 来释放线程锁。

setLevel(level)

给处理器设置阈值为 level 。日志级别小于 level 将被忽略。创建处理器时，日志级别被设置为 NOTSET （所有的消息都会被处理）。

参见 日志级别 级别列表。

在 3.2 版更改: level 形参现在接受像 'INFO' 这样的字符串形式的级别表达方式，也可以使用像 INFO 这样的整数常量。

setFormatter(fmt)

Sets the Formatter for this handler to fmt.

addFilter(filter)

Adds the specified filter filter to this handler.

removeFilter(filter)

Removes the specified filter filter from this handler.

filter(record)

Apply this handler's filters to the record and return True if the record is to be processed. The filters are consulted in turn, until one of them returns a false value. If none of them return a false value, the record will be emitted. If one returns a false value, the handler will not emit the record.

flush()

Ensure all logging output has been flushed. This version does nothing and is intended to be implemented by subclasses.

close()

Tidy up any resources used by the handler. This version does no output but removes the handler from an internal list of handlers which is closed when shutdown() is called. Subclasses should ensure that this gets called from overridden close() methods.

handle(record)

Conditionally emits the specified logging record, depending on filters which may have been added to the handler. Wraps the actual emission of the record with acquisition/release of the I/O thread lock.

handleError(record)

This method should be called from handlers when an exception is encountered during an emit() call. If the module-level attribute raiseExceptions is False, exceptions get silently ignored. This is what is mostly wanted for a logging system - most users will not care about errors in the logging system, they are more interested in application errors. You could, however, replace this with a custom handler if you wish. The specified record is the one which was being processed when the exception occurred. (The default value of raiseExceptions is True, as that is more useful during development).

format(record)

Do formatting for a record - if a formatter is set, use it. Otherwise, use the default formatter for the module.

emit(record)

Do whatever it takes to actually log the specified logging record. This version is intended to be implemented by subclasses and so raises a NotImplementedError.

For a list of handlers included as standard, see logging.handlers.

Formatter Objects

Formatter objects have the following attributes and methods. They are responsible for converting a LogRecord to (usually) a string which can be interpreted by either a human or an external system. The base Formatter allows a formatting string to be specified. If none is supplied, the default value of '%(message)s' is used, which just includes the message in the logging call. To have additional items of information in the formatted output (such as a timestamp), keep reading.

A Formatter can be initialized with a format string which makes use of knowledge of the LogRecord attributes - such as the default value mentioned above making use of the fact that the user's message and arguments are pre-formatted into a LogRecord's message attribute. This format string contains standard Python %-style mapping keys. See section printf 风格的字符串格式化 for more information on string formatting.

The useful mapping keys in a LogRecord are given in the section on LogRecord 属性.

class logging.Formatter(fmt=None, datefmt=None, style='%')

Returns a new instance of the Formatter class. The instance is initialized with a format string for the message as a whole, as well as a format string for the date/time portion of a message. If no fmt is specified, '%(message)s' is used. If no datefmt is specified, a format is used which is described in the formatTime() documentation.

The style parameter can be one of '%', '{' or '$' and determines how the format string will be merged with its data: using one of %-formatting, str.format() or string.Template. See Using particular formatting styles throughout your application for more information on using {- and $-formatting for log messages.

在 3.2 版更改: The style parameter was added.

在 3.8 版更改: The validate parameter was added. Incorrect or mismatched style and fmt will raise a ValueError. For example: logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(message)s', style='{').

format(record)

The record's attribute dictionary is used as the operand to a string formatting operation. Returns the resulting string. Before formatting the dictionary, a couple of preparatory steps are carried out. The message attribute of the record is computed using msg % args. If the formatting string contains '(asctime)', formatTime() is called to format the event time. If there is exception information, it is formatted using formatException() and appended to the message. Note that the formatted exception information is cached in attribute exc_text. This is useful because the exception information can be pickled and sent across the wire, but you should be careful if you have more than one Formatter subclass which customizes the formatting of exception information. In this case, you will have to clear the cached value after a formatter has done its formatting, so that the next formatter to handle the event doesn't use the cached value but recalculates it afresh.

If stack information is available, it's appended after the exception information, using formatStack() to transform it if necessary.

formatTime(record, datefmt=None)

This method should be called from format() by a formatter which wants to make use of a formatted time. This method can be overridden in formatters to provide for any specific requirement, but the basic behavior is as follows: if datefmt (a string) is specified, it is used with time.strftime() to format the creation time of the record. Otherwise, the format '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S,uuu' is used, where the uuu part is a millisecond value and the other letters are as per the time.strftime() documentation. An example time in this format is 2003-01-23 00:29:50,411. The resulting string is returned.

This function uses a user-configurable function to convert the creation time to a tuple. By default, time.localtime() is used; to change this for a particular formatter instance, set the converter attribute to a function with the same signature as time.localtime() or time.gmtime(). To change it for all formatters, for example if you want all logging times to be shown in GMT, set the converter attribute in the Formatter class.

在 3.3 版更改: Previously, the default format was hard-coded as in this example: 2010-09-06 22:38:15,292 where the part before the comma is handled by a strptime format string ('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'), and the part after the comma is a millisecond value. Because strptime does not have a format placeholder for milliseconds, the millisecond value is appended using another format string, '%s,%03d' --- and both of these format strings have been hardcoded into this method. With the change, these strings are defined as class-level attributes which can be overridden at the instance level when desired. The names of the attributes are default_time_format (for the strptime format string) and default_msec_format (for appending the millisecond value).

formatException(exc_info)

Formats the specified exception information (a standard exception tuple as returned by sys.exc_info()) as a string. This default implementation just uses traceback.print_exception(). The resulting string is returned.

formatStack(stack_info)

Formats the specified stack information (a string as returned by traceback.print_stack(), but with the last newline removed) as a string. This default implementation just returns the input value.

Filter Objects

Filters can be used by Handlers and Loggers for more sophisticated filtering than is provided by levels. The base filter class only allows events which are below a certain point in the logger hierarchy. For example, a filter initialized with 'A.B' will allow events logged by loggers 'A.B', 'A.B.C', 'A.B.C.D', 'A.B.D' etc. but not 'A.BB', 'B.A.B' etc. If initialized with the empty string, all events are passed.

class logging.Filter(name='')

Returns an instance of the Filter class. If name is specified, it names a logger which, together with its children, will have its events allowed through the filter. If name is the empty string, allows every event.

filter(record)

Is the specified record to be logged? Returns zero for no, nonzero for yes. If deemed appropriate, the record may be modified in-place by this method.

Note that filters attached to handlers are consulted before an event is emitted by the handler, whereas filters attached to loggers are consulted whenever an event is logged (using debug(), info(), etc.), before sending an event to handlers. This means that events which have been generated by descendant loggers will not be filtered by a logger's filter setting, unless the filter has also been applied to those descendant loggers.

You don't actually need to subclass Filter: you can pass any instance which has a filter method with the same semantics.

在 3.2 版更改: You don't need to create specialized Filter classes, or use other classes with a filter method: you can use a function (or other callable) as a filter. The filtering logic will check to see if the filter object has a filter attribute: if it does, it's assumed to be a Filter and its filter() method is called. Otherwise, it's assumed to be a callable and called with the record as the single parameter. The returned value should conform to that returned by filter().

Although filters are used primarily to filter records based on more sophisticated criteria than levels, they get to see every record which is processed by the handler or logger they're attached to: this can be useful if you want to do things like counting how many records were processed by a particular logger or handler, or adding, changing or removing attributes in the LogRecord being processed. Obviously changing the LogRecord needs to be done with some care, but it does allow the injection of contextual information into logs (see 使用过滤器传递上下文信息).

LogRecord Objects

LogRecord instances are created automatically by the Logger every time something is logged, and can be created manually via makeLogRecord() (for example, from a pickled event received over the wire).

class logging.LogRecord(name, level, pathname, lineno, msg, args, exc_info, func=None, sinfo=None)

Contains all the information pertinent to the event being logged.

The primary information is passed in msg and args, which are combined using msg % args to create the message field of the record.

参数

• name -- The name of the logger used to log the event represented by this LogRecord. Note that this name will always have this value, even though it may be emitted by a handler attached to a different (ancestor) logger.

• level -- The numeric level of the logging event (one of DEBUG, INFO etc.) Note that this is converted to two attributes of the LogRecord: levelno for the numeric value and levelname for the corresponding level name.

• pathname -- The full pathname of the source file where the logging call was made.

• lineno -- The line number in the source file where the logging call was made.

• msg -- The event description message, possibly a format string with placeholders for variable data.

• args -- Variable data to merge into the msg argument to obtain the event description.

• exc_info -- An exception tuple with the current exception information, or None if no exception information is available.

• func -- The name of the function or method from which the logging call was invoked.

• sinfo -- A text string representing stack information from the base of the stack in the current thread, up to the logging call.

getMessage()

Returns the message for this LogRecord instance after merging any user-supplied arguments with the message. If the user-supplied message argument to the logging call is not a string, str() is called on it to convert it to a string. This allows use of user-defined classes as messages, whose __str__ method can return the actual format string to be used.

在 3.2 版更改: The creation of a LogRecord has been made more configurable by providing a factory which is used to create the record. The factory can be set using getLogRecordFactory() and setLogRecordFactory() (see this for the factory's signature).

This functionality can be used to inject your own values into a LogRecord at creation time. You can use the following pattern:

old_factory = logging.getLogRecordFactory()

def record_factory(*args, **kwargs):
    record = old_factory(*args, **kwargs)
    record.custom_attribute = 0xdecafbad
    return record

logging.setLogRecordFactory(record_factory)

With this pattern, multiple factories could be chained, and as long as they don't overwrite each other's attributes or unintentionally overwrite the standard attributes listed above, there should be no surprises.

LogRecord 属性

The LogRecord has a number of attributes, most of which are derived from the parameters to the constructor. (Note that the names do not always correspond exactly between the LogRecord constructor parameters and the LogRecord attributes.) These attributes can be used to merge data from the record into the format string. The following table lists (in alphabetical order) the attribute names, their meanings and the corresponding placeholder in a %-style format string.

If you are using {}-formatting (str.format()), you can use {attrname} as the placeholder in the format string. If you are using $-formatting (string.Template), use the form ${attrname}. In both cases, of course, replace attrname with the actual attribute name you want to use.

In the case of {}-formatting, you can specify formatting flags by placing them after the attribute name, separated from it with a colon. For example: a placeholder of {msecs:03d} would format a millisecond value of 4 as 004. Refer to the str.format() documentation for full details on the options available to you.

属性名称	格式	描述
args	不需要格式化。	The tuple of arguments merged into msg to produce message, or a dict whose values are used for the merge (when there is only one argument, and it is a dictionary).
asctime	%(asctime)s	Human-readable time when the LogRecord was created. By default this is of the form '2003-07-08 16:49:45,896' (the numbers after the comma are millisecond portion of the time).
created	%(created)f	Time when the LogRecord was created (as returned by time.time()).
exc_info	不需要格式化。	Exception tuple (à la sys.exc_info) or, if no exception has occurred, None.
filename	%(filename)s	Filename portion of pathname.
funcName	%(funcName)s	Name of function containing the logging call.
levelname	%(levelname)s	Text logging level for the message ('DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL').
levelno	%(levelno)s	Numeric logging level for the message (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL).
lineno	%(lineno)d	Source line number where the logging call was issued (if available).
message	%(message)s	The logged message, computed as msg % args. This is set when Formatter.format() is invoked.
module	%(module)s	模块 (filename 的名称部分)。
msecs	%(msecs)d	Millisecond portion of the time when the LogRecord was created.
msg	不需要格式化。	The format string passed in the original logging call. Merged with args to produce message, or an arbitrary object (see 使用任意对象作为消息).
name	%(name)s	Name of the logger used to log the call.
pathname	%(pathname)s	Full pathname of the source file where the logging call was issued (if available).
process	%(process)d	进程ID（如果可用）
processName	%(processName)s	进程名（如果可用）
relativeCreated	%(relativeCreated)d	Time in milliseconds when the LogRecord was created, relative to the time the logging module was loaded.
stack_info	不需要格式化。	Stack frame information (where available) from the bottom of the stack in the current thread, up to and including the stack frame of the logging call which resulted in the creation of this record.
thread	%(thread)d	线程ID（如果可用）
threadName	%(threadName)s	线程名（如果可用）

在 3.1 版更改: 添加了 processName

LoggerAdapter 对象

LoggerAdapter instances are used to conveniently pass contextual information into logging calls. For a usage example, see the section on adding contextual information to your logging output.

class logging.LoggerAdapter(logger, extra)

Returns an instance of LoggerAdapter initialized with an underlying Logger instance and a dict-like object.

process(msg, kwargs)

Modifies the message and/or keyword arguments passed to a logging call in order to insert contextual information. This implementation takes the object passed as extra to the constructor and adds it to kwargs using key 'extra'. The return value is a (msg, kwargs) tuple which has the (possibly modified) versions of the arguments passed in.

In addition to the above, LoggerAdapter supports the following methods of Logger: debug(), info(), warning(), error(), exception(), critical(), log(), isEnabledFor(), getEffectiveLevel(), setLevel() and hasHandlers(). These methods have the same signatures as their counterparts in Logger, so you can use the two types of instances interchangeably.

在 3.2 版更改: The isEnabledFor(), getEffectiveLevel(), setLevel() and hasHandlers() methods were added to LoggerAdapter. These methods delegate to the underlying logger.

线程安全

The logging module is intended to be thread-safe without any special work needing to be done by its clients. It achieves this though using threading locks; there is one lock to serialize access to the module's shared data, and each handler also creates a lock to serialize access to its underlying I/O.

If you are implementing asynchronous signal handlers using the signal module, you may not be able to use logging from within such handlers. This is because lock implementations in the threading module are not always re-entrant, and so cannot be invoked from such signal handlers.

模块级别函数

In addition to the classes described above, there are a number of module-level functions.

logging.getLogger(name=None)

Return a logger with the specified name or, if name is None, return a logger which is the root logger of the hierarchy. If specified, the name is typically a dot-separated hierarchical name like 'a', 'a.b' or 'a.b.c.d'. Choice of these names is entirely up to the developer who is using logging.

All calls to this function with a given name return the same logger instance. This means that logger instances never need to be passed between different parts of an application.

logging.getLoggerClass()

Return either the standard Logger class, or the last class passed to setLoggerClass(). This function may be called from within a new class definition, to ensure that installing a customized Logger class will not undo customizations already applied by other code. For example:

class MyLogger(logging.getLoggerClass()):
    # ... override behaviour here

logging.getLogRecordFactory()

Return a callable which is used to create a LogRecord.

3.2 新版功能: This function has been provided, along with setLogRecordFactory(), to allow developers more control over how the LogRecord representing a logging event is constructed.

See setLogRecordFactory() for more information about the how the factory is called.

logging.debug(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level DEBUG on the root logger. The msg is the message format string, and the args are the arguments which are merged into msg using the string formatting operator. (Note that this means that you can use keywords in the format string, together with a single dictionary argument.)

There are three keyword arguments in kwargs which are inspected: exc_info which, if it does not evaluate as false, causes exception information to be added to the logging message. If an exception tuple (in the format returned by sys.exc_info()) or an exception instance is provided, it is used; otherwise, sys.exc_info() is called to get the exception information.

The second optional keyword argument is stack_info, which defaults to False. If true, stack information is added to the logging message, including the actual logging call. Note that this is not the same stack information as that displayed through specifying exc_info: The former is stack frames from the bottom of the stack up to the logging call in the current thread, whereas the latter is information about stack frames which have been unwound, following an exception, while searching for exception handlers.

You can specify stack_info independently of exc_info, e.g. to just show how you got to a certain point in your code, even when no exceptions were raised. The stack frames are printed following a header line which says:

Stack (most recent call last):

This mimics the Traceback (most recent call last): which is used when displaying exception frames.

The third optional keyword argument is extra which can be used to pass a dictionary which is used to populate the __dict__ of the LogRecord created for the logging event with user-defined attributes. These custom attributes can then be used as you like. For example, they could be incorporated into logged messages. For example:

FORMAT = '%(asctime)-15s %(clientip)s %(user)-8s %(message)s'
logging.basicConfig(format=FORMAT)
d = {'clientip': '192.168.0.1', 'user': 'fbloggs'}
logging.warning('Protocol problem: %s', 'connection reset', extra=d)

would print something like:

2006-02-08 22:20:02,165 192.168.0.1 fbloggs  Protocol problem: connection reset

The keys in the dictionary passed in extra should not clash with the keys used by the logging system. (See the Formatter documentation for more information on which keys are used by the logging system.)

If you choose to use these attributes in logged messages, you need to exercise some care. In the above example, for instance, the Formatter has been set up with a format string which expects 'clientip' and 'user' in the attribute dictionary of the LogRecord. If these are missing, the message will not be logged because a string formatting exception will occur. So in this case, you always need to pass the extra dictionary with these keys.

While this might be annoying, this feature is intended for use in specialized circumstances, such as multi-threaded servers where the same code executes in many contexts, and interesting conditions which arise are dependent on this context (such as remote client IP address and authenticated user name, in the above example). In such circumstances, it is likely that specialized Formatters would be used with particular Handlers.

在 3.2 版更改: 增加了 stack_info 参数。

logging.info(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level INFO on the root logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

logging.warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level WARNING on the root logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

注解

There is an obsolete function warn which is functionally identical to warning. As warn is deprecated, please do not use it - use warning instead.

logging.error(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on the root logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

logging.critical(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level CRITICAL on the root logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug().

logging.exception(msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level ERROR on the root logger. The arguments are interpreted as for debug(). Exception info is added to the logging message. This function should only be called from an exception handler.

logging.log(level, msg, *args, **kwargs)

Logs a message with level level on the root logger. The other arguments are interpreted as for debug().

注解

The above module-level convenience functions, which delegate to the root logger, call basicConfig() to ensure that at least one handler is available. Because of this, they should not be used in threads, in versions of Python earlier than 2.7.1 and 3.2, unless at least one handler has been added to the root logger before the threads are started. In earlier versions of Python, due to a thread safety shortcoming in basicConfig(), this can (under rare circumstances) lead to handlers being added multiple times to the root logger, which can in turn lead to multiple messages for the same event.

logging.disable(level=CRITICAL)

Provides an overriding level level for all loggers which takes precedence over the logger's own level. When the need arises to temporarily throttle logging output down across the whole application, this function can be useful. Its effect is to disable all logging calls of severity level and below, so that if you call it with a value of INFO, then all INFO and DEBUG events would be discarded, whereas those of severity WARNING and above would be processed according to the logger's effective level. If logging.disable(logging.NOTSET) is called, it effectively removes this overriding level, so that logging output again depends on the effective levels of individual loggers.

Note that if you have defined any custom logging level higher than CRITICAL (this is not recommended), you won't be able to rely on the default value for the level parameter, but will have to explicitly supply a suitable value.

在 3.7 版更改: The level parameter was defaulted to level CRITICAL. See Issue #28524 for more information about this change.

logging.addLevelName(level, levelName)

Associates level level with text levelName in an internal dictionary, which is used to map numeric levels to a textual representation, for example when a Formatter formats a message. This function can also be used to define your own levels. The only constraints are that all levels used must be registered using this function, levels should be positive integers and they should increase in increasing order of severity.

注解

If you are thinking of defining your own levels, please see the section on 自定义级别.

logging.getLevelName(level)

Returns the textual representation of logging level level. If the level is one of the predefined levels CRITICAL, ERROR, WARNING, INFO or DEBUG then you get the corresponding string. If you have associated levels with names using addLevelName() then the name you have associated with level is returned. If a numeric value corresponding to one of the defined levels is passed in, the corresponding string representation is returned. Otherwise, the string 'Level %s' % level is returned.

注解

Levels are internally integers (as they need to be compared in the logging logic). This function is used to convert between an integer level and the level name displayed in the formatted log output by means of the %(levelname)s format specifier (see LogRecord 属性).

在 3.4 版更改: In Python versions earlier than 3.4, this function could also be passed a text level, and would return the corresponding numeric value of the level. This undocumented behaviour was considered a mistake, and was removed in Python 3.4, but reinstated in 3.4.2 due to retain backward compatibility.

logging.makeLogRecord(attrdict)

Creates and returns a new LogRecord instance whose attributes are defined by attrdict. This function is useful for taking a pickled LogRecord attribute dictionary, sent over a socket, and reconstituting it as a LogRecord instance at the receiving end.

logging.basicConfig(**kwargs)

Does basic configuration for the logging system by creating a StreamHandler with a default Formatter and adding it to the root logger. The functions debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() will call basicConfig() automatically if no handlers are defined for the root logger.

This function does nothing if the root logger already has handlers configured, unless the keyword argument force is set to True.

注解

This function should be called from the main thread before other threads are started. In versions of Python prior to 2.7.1 and 3.2, if this function is called from multiple threads, it is possible (in rare circumstances) that a handler will be added to the root logger more than once, leading to unexpected results such as messages being duplicated in the log.

支持以下关键字参数。

格式	描述
filename	Specifies that a FileHandler be created, using the specified filename, rather than a StreamHandler.
filemode	If filename is specified, open the file in this mode. Defaults to 'a'.
format	Use the specified format string for the handler.
datefmt	Use the specified date/time format, as accepted by time.strftime().
style	If format is specified, use this style for the format string. One of '%', '{' or '$' for printf-style, str.format() or string.Template respectively. Defaults to '%'.
level	Set the root logger level to the specified level.
stream	Use the specified stream to initialize the StreamHandler. Note that this argument is incompatible with filename - if both are present, a ValueError is raised.
handlers	If specified, this should be an iterable of already created handlers to add to the root logger. Any handlers which don't already have a formatter set will be assigned the default formatter created in this function. Note that this argument is incompatible with filename or stream - if both are present, a ValueError is raised.
force	If this keyword argument is specified as true, any existing handlers attached to the root logger are removed and closed, before carrying out the configuration as specified by the other arguments.

在 3.2 版更改: 增加了 style 参数。

在 3.3 版更改: The handlers argument was added. Additional checks were added to catch situations where incompatible arguments are specified (e.g. handlers together with stream or filename, or stream together with filename).

在 3.8 版更改: 增加了 force 参数。

logging.shutdown()

Informs the logging system to perform an orderly shutdown by flushing and closing all handlers. This should be called at application exit and no further use of the logging system should be made after this call.

When the logging module is imported, it registers this function as an exit handler (see atexit), so normally there's no need to do that manually.

logging.setLoggerClass(klass)

Tells the logging system to use the class klass when instantiating a logger. The class should define __init__() such that only a name argument is required, and the __init__() should call Logger.__init__(). This function is typically called before any loggers are instantiated by applications which need to use custom logger behavior. After this call, as at any other time, do not instantiate loggers directly using the subclass: continue to use the logging.getLogger() API to get your loggers.

logging.setLogRecordFactory(factory)

Set a callable which is used to create a LogRecord.

参数

factory -- The factory callable to be used to instantiate a log record.

3.2 新版功能: This function has been provided, along with getLogRecordFactory(), to allow developers more control over how the LogRecord representing a logging event is constructed.

The factory has the following signature:

factory(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info, func=None, sinfo=None, **kwargs)

name

日志记录器名称

level

日志记录级别（数字）。

fn

进行日志记录调用的文件的完整路径名。

lno

记录调用所在文件中的行号。

msg

日志消息。

args

日志记录消息的参数。

exc_info

异常元组，或 None 。

func

调用日志记录调用的函数或方法的名称。

sinfo

A stack traceback such as is provided by traceback.print_stack(), showing the call hierarchy.

kwargs

其他关键字参数。

模块级属性

logging.lastResort

A "handler of last resort" is available through this attribute. This is a StreamHandler writing to sys.stderr with a level of WARNING, and is used to handle logging events in the absence of any logging configuration. The end result is to just print the message to sys.stderr. This replaces the earlier error message saying that "no handlers could be found for logger XYZ". If you need the earlier behaviour for some reason, lastResort can be set to None.

3.2 新版功能.

Integration with the warnings module

The captureWarnings() function can be used to integrate logging with the warnings module.

logging.captureWarnings(capture)

This function is used to turn the capture of warnings by logging on and off.

If capture is True, warnings issued by the warnings module will be redirected to the logging system. Specifically, a warning will be formatted using warnings.formatwarning() and the resulting string logged to a logger named 'py.warnings' with a severity of WARNING.

If capture is False, the redirection of warnings to the logging system will stop, and warnings will be redirected to their original destinations (i.e. those in effect before captureWarnings(True) was called).

参见

模块 logging.config

日志记录模块的配置 API 。

模块 logging.handlers

日志记录模块附带的有用处理程序。

PEP 282 - Logging 系统

该提案描述了Python标准库中包含的这个特性。

Original Python logging package

This is the original source for the logging package. The version of the package available from this site is suitable for use with Python 1.5.2, 2.1.x and 2.2.x, which do not include the logging package in the standard library.